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托福听力材料：Geology
geology。
last time,we started to talk about glaciers and how these masses of ice form) from crystallized snow,and someof you were amazed at how huge some of these glaciers are. Now,even though it may be difficult tounderstand how a huge mass of ice can move or flow, it’s another word for it, it’s really known that no secret that the glaciers flow，because of gravity. But how they flow,and the way they flow needs some explaining. Now，the first type of the glaciers flow is called:basal slip。basal slip or sliding as it’s often called，basically refers to the slipping or sliding of glacier across bedrock,actually across the thin layerof water, on top of the bedrock. So, this process shouldn’t be too hard to imagine. What happens is that the ice of the base of the glacier is under a greatdeal of pressure——the pressure coming from the weight of the overlaying ice. And you probably knowthat under pressure,the melting temperature of water, of the ice I mean, is reduced.so，ice at the base of the glacier melts,even though it’s below zero degree Celsius. And this results in thin layer of water between the glacier And ground。this layer of waterreduces friction is…is like a lubricant. And it allows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock. Ok,now the nexttype of movement we will talk about is called: deformation。you & rsquo;v already known that the ice is brittle，if you hit it with hammer it will shatter like glass. But ice is also plastic，it can change the shape without breaking. If you leave,for example，a bar of ice supported only at one end，they end,the unsupported end will deform under its own way due---kind of flatten out one into getstored it deformed it. Thinkdeformation as a very slow oozing. Depending on the stresses on theglacier,the ice crystal was in the re-organized. And during this re-organization the ice crystalsrealign in a way that allowsthem to slide pass each other. And so the glacier oozes downhill withoutany ice actually melting. Now,there are a couple of the factors that affect the amount ofdeformation that takes place or the speed of the glaciersmovement for example. deformation is morelikely to occur the thicker the ices,because of the gravity of the weight of the ice. Andtemperature also plays part here,in that cold ice does not move as easily as ice that is close tomelting point, in fact,it is not too different from&hellip . the way oil is，thicker at lower temperatures. So，if you had a glacier in a lightly warmer region,it will flow faster than the glacier in a coolerregion. Ok, um…Now, let&rsquo。touch briefly on extension and compression. You textbook includes these as type as a particulartype of glaciermovement, but you will see that these are …cause many textbooks that omitted as type of movement as included. And I might not include rightnow,if there one ’t in your textbooks. But, basically, the upper parts of glaciers have less pressure on them. So，they don-rsquo;they tend to be more brittle. And crevasses can form in this upper layer of theglacier. When the glacier comes intocontact with bedrock walls or is otherwise under some kinds ofstress, but can’t deform quickly enough.so，the ice would expand or constrict,and that can cause big fissures big cracks to form in the surfaceof the layer of ice,and that brittle surface ice moving is sometimes considered a type of glaciermovement depending on which source you can . thaw to. Now, as you probably know，glaciers generally move really slowly. But sometimes，they experience surges,and during these surges, in some places，they can move its speeds as high as 7000 meters per year. Now,a speeds like that are pretty unusual，100 of times faster than the regular movement of glaciers,but you can actually see glacier moveduring these surges, though it is rare。
托福听力：关于校园服务的材料
托福听力:关于校园服务的材料。
托福听力材料一、diet problems(饮食问题)
民以食为天。
如果吃得不好，学习的表现和效率自然就会下降。
因此，吃饭问题，也就是食堂问题，在新托福考试中也是不变的主题。
在美国，学生一般会去4个地方。其中一个是dinning hall，离学生的dormitory近，它是学校里最大最多的食堂。一般是自助餐，参加meal plan的学生都在这里吃饭。价格比较便宜。
其二是cafeteria，它离教学楼比较近，大部分教员、学校职员中午都在这里吃午饭，cafeteria是非自助餐性的，吃多少买多少，但是比较贵，而且经常排队。
话虽如此，住在apartment的学生大部分中午都在这里吃饭，省去了很多麻烦，下午有课的学生也不用回去。
第三个是restaurant。因为在校外，所以比较贵，但是有些同学会或者赶不上食堂吃饭的时间，就不得不去西餐厅了。
最后是快餐店，一般是麦当劳、肯德基等，几乎没有托福的内容。
在我们的考试中，邮件?主要是想修改计划、改变套餐之类的，餐厅的工作人员会告诉他们营养问题，尽量让他们更新。
或者是关于食堂卫生和食品安全的建议等。
托福听力资料二、bookstore(书籍查询)
乍一看很枯燥，但在托福考试中是比较普遍的。
那是因为在国外学习的教材费很高，很多书印刷得很好，是铜版印刷的。
因此，很多学生都有购买两本书的习惯，可以以5 ~ 6折的价格买到80%的新教材。
同时，每个semester新学期，教授都会有一个booklist，摆上选这个教授的课所需要的书，有几个图书馆可以借，经常onrecall(召回)，僧多粥少，所以晚回家的童鞋自然会后悔，这种时候就需要在书店买必要的教材。
如果教材是专业书，必须从专业书店购买，或者学生购买后不习惯所选的科目，刚开始上课就辍学，就会产生纠纷。
在新托福考试中，学生和书店店员之间通常会展开这样的对话。学生们要记住一点。书店店员总是很负责，很热心地帮学生找书，但是如果要还的话，很抱歉，钱是不能还的。
托福听力材料三、declare class or drop the course(选课退会问题)
关于这个问题，我有时会和顾问讨论，有时也会和教授直接讨论，多少会接触一些。
例如，“从入门课程到高级课程”(Intro course/advanced course)，“从入门课程到高级课程”(Intro course/advanced)course)、“从入门课程到高级课程”(Intro course/advanced course)等。如何选择受欢迎的课程呢?另外，也有因为选的课上不了而想退课的情况，但是老师会建议学生把课结束(sign up for/ register for/ enroll in/ enlist in/)drop, quit)。
当然，还会有其他的话题。
托福听力材料四、Campus facilities(用于校园设施)
在北美的大学里，学生们在使用校园内的各种设施时，会遇到一些问题。这种情况下，要和各个设施的工作人员商量。
问题主要是time(设备的使用时间是固定的)。fees(根据设施的不同，可能会追加使用费，所以很多节俭的学生都有抱怨);requirement(使用设施和服务需要证明、申请和提前预约)。
各种设施的工作人员机智化解了学生因各种原因不能使用其设备的不满和愤怒，堪称为人民服务的典范。
这里举两个例子。例如，在托福考试中，学生抱怨体育馆的门卡不能上游泳课，需要额外收费，女学生生气地说“that&rsquo”。s not fair。于是这个守门大叔冷静地回答:Well, I think if you can think about it.you ’ll see that it’被压倒的女生预约了游泳考试。
在另一个例子中，有的学生因为没有在学校主页上公布社团活动，而焦急地担心“当天会不会没有人来”，结果被服务负责人的话治愈了。
